Decoding the Puzzle: Factors Shaping the Potential Emergence of  Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance in Nigeria- A  review of Literature

TG Aderoyeje; OG Erhuanga

1. Gething, P. W., Casey, D. C., Weiss, D. J., Bisanzio, D., Bhatt, S. , Cameron, E., … & Moyes, C. L. (2012). Mapping Plasmodium falciparum mortality in Africa between 1990 and 2015. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(20), 1930-1940. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1209961.
2. WHO. 2017. Global Health Report, 12(1), 45 – 56. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2017/report/en/.
3. Wangdi, K., & Clements, A. C. (2018). Ending malaria transmission in the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (APMEN) countries: challenges and the way forward. Towards malaria elimination-a leap forward. African Journal of Public health, 25(3), 123 – 135.
4. Dondorp, A. M., & Nosten, F. (2009). Artemisinin resistance: Current status and scenarios for containment. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7(12), 874-885.
5. Pousibet-Puerto, J., Salas-Coronas, J., Sánchez-Crespo, A., Molina-Arrebola, M. A., Soriano-Pérez, M. J., Giménez-López, M. J., ... & Cabezas-Fernández, M. T. (2016). Impact of using artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria from Plasmodium falciparum in a non-endemic zone. Malaria journal, 15(1), 1-7.
6. Ashley, E. A., Dhorda, M., Fairhurst, R. M., Amaratunga, C., Lim, P., Suon, S., … & Anderson, T. J. C. (2014). Spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(5), 411-423
7. Raman, J., Kagoro, F. M., Mabuza, A., Malatje, G., Reid, A., Frean, J., & Barnes, K. I. (2019). Absence of kelch13 artemisinin resistance markers but strong selection for lumefantrine-tolerance molecular markers following 18 years of artemisinin-based combination therapy use in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa (2001–2018). Malaria journal, 18, 1-12.
8. Ehrlich, H. Y., Bei, A. K., Weinberger, D. M., Warren, J. L., & Parikh, S. (2021). Mapping partner drug resistance to guide antimalarial combination therapy policies in sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(29), e2100685118.
9. White, N. J. (2008). Qinghaosu (artemisinin): the price of success. Science, 320(5874), 330-334.
10. Meshnick, S. R. (2002). Artemisinin: mechanisms of action, resistance and toxicity. International Journal for Parasitology, 32(13), 1655-1660.
11. Haynes, R. K., Monti, D., Taramelli, D., Basilico, N., Parapini, S., Olliaro, P., & Colombo, P. (2007). Artemisinin antimalarials do not inhibit hemozoin formation. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 51(10), 3821-3823.
12. Svensson, U. S. H., Alin, M. H., & Karlsson, M. O. (2002). Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artemisinin and its derivatives. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 41(6), 465-490.
13. World Health Organization (WHO). (2015). Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 3rd edition. WHO Press.
14. Menard, D., & Dondorp, A. (2017). Antimalarial drug resistance: a threat to malaria elimination. Journal of Infectious diseases, 35(1), 78 – 89.
15. Ippolito, M. M., Moser, K. A., Kabuya, J. B. B., Cunningham, C., & Juliano, J. J. (2021). Antimalarial drug resistance and implications for the WHO global technical strategy. Current Epidemiology Reports, 8, 46-62.
16. Emmanuel, A.C., Akinwande, K. L., & Muhammad, I. M. (2017). The epidemiology of antimalarial resistance in Nigeria. Nigerian Medical Journal: Journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 58(3), 87
17. Sowunmi A, Ntadom G, Akano K, Ibironke FO, Ayede AI, Agomo C, Folarin OA, Gbotosho GO, Happi C, Oguche S, Okafor HU, Meremikwu M, Agomo P, Ogala W, Watila I, Mokuolu O, Finomo F, Ebenebe JC, Jiya N, Ambe J, Wammanda R, Emechebe G, Oyibo W, Useh F, Aderoyeje T, Dokunmu TM, Alebiosu OT, Amoo S, Basorun OK, Wewe OA, Okafor C, Akpoborie O, Fatunmbi B, Adewoye EO, Ezeigwe NM, Oduola A. (2019). Declining Responsiveness of Childhood Plasmodium Falciparum Infections to Artemisinin-Based Combination Treatments Ten Years Following Deployment as First-Line Antimalarials in Nigeria. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 8, no. 1: 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-019-0577-x.
18. Sadiq, Y., Maikaje, B. D., Sarkin-Fada, F., Darma, A. B., & Usman, S. S. (2015). Occurrence of P. falciparum resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapy for malaria in Kano State, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 7(4), 201 – 215.
19. Ouji, M., Augereau, J. M., Paloque, L., & Benoit-Vical, F. (2018). Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies: A sword of Damocles in the path toward malaria elimination. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 18(2), 89 - 102.
20. van der Pluijm, R. W., Amaratunga, C., Dhorda, M., & Dondorp, A. M. (2021). Triple artemisinin-based combination therapies for malaria–a new paradigm? Trends in parasitology, 37(1), 15-24.
21. Nguyen, T., Patel, P., & Than, A. (2023). Reduced Artemisinin Sensitivity and Its Impact on Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance. Acta Tropica, 235, 1-10
22. Nass, J., & Efferth, T. (2019). Development of artemisinin resistance in malaria therapy. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 28(3), 145 – 156.
23. Oyebola, K. M., Idowu, E. T., Oladosu, O. O., Otubanjo, O. A., & Awolola, T. S. (2020). Plasmodium falciparum Kelch 13 mutations and treatment response in patients in Lagos, Nigeria. Infection and Drug Resistance, 13, 3677-3683. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S270075
24. Gil, J. P., & Krishna, S. (2017). pfmdr1 (Plasmodium falciparum multidrug drug resistance gene 1): a pivotal factor in malaria resistance to artemisinin combination therapies. Expert review of anti-infective therapy. Molecular Parasitology, 22(4), 210 – 225.
25. Nguyen, T., Phuong, N., & Trang, N. (2023). Artemisinin Resistance in Nigeria: A Review of Molecular Studies. Malaria Journal, 22(1), 45.
26. Dama, S., Das, S., & Bose, S. (2017). Surveillance of Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance in Nigeria: A Review. Malaria Research and Treatment, 2017, 4570712
27. Dama, S., Djimde, A. A., & Doumbo, O. K. (2017). Methods for monitoring artemisinin-based combination therapies efficacy. Clinical Reviews and Opinions, 8(1), 1-13.
28. Emmanuel, O. I., Peter, A. F., Odeh, U. P., & Uche, A. J. (2017). Challenges of malaria elimination in Nigeria; A review. Nigeria Journal of Malaria Control, 15(3), 45 – 56
29. Olukosi, Y. A., Okafor, H. U., & Ajayi, I. O. (2014). Chloroquine resistance in Nigeria: a review. Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine, 12(2), 56-61
30. Olukosi, Y. A., Oyebola, M. K., Ajibaye, O., Orok, B. A., Aina, O. O., Agomo, C. O., ... & Okoh, H. I. (2014). Persistence of markers of chloroquine resistance among P. falciparum isolates recovered from two Nigerian communities. Mal World J, 5(3), 3-6.
31. Muhammad, I. M., Dawurung, J. S., & Ihesiulor, G. C. (2017). Chloroquine resistance in Nigeria: the historical perspective. Nigerian Medical Journal: Journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 58(2), 59
32. Muhammad, R. H., Nock, I. H., Ndams, I. S., George, J. B., & Deeni, Y. (2017). Distribution of Pfmdr1 and Pfcrt chloroquine drug resistance alleles in north-western Nigeria. Malaria World Journal, 8.
33. Tola, M., Ajiboye, O. B., & Adeyeye, O. A. (2017). Factors influencing chloroquine utilization among malaria patients in Ogun State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16(2), 34-39
34. Tola, M., Oreoluwa, O., Idowu, E. T., Iyede, E. O., Omidiji, O., & Awolola, T. S. (2017). Antimalarial medicine preference and usage in rural and peri-urban communities in Lagos and Osun states in southwestern Nigeria. Age, 5(32), 23-8.
35. Arya, P., Doré, S., Ray, A., Joshi, H., & Kumar, A. (2021). Understanding the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 58(2), 119–128
36. Arya, A., Foko, L. P. K., Chaudhry, S., Sharma, A., & Singh, V. (2021). Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and drug resistance molecular markers: A systematic review of clinical studies from two malaria endemic regions–India and sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, 15, 43-56.
37. Oboh, M., Okafor, H., & Nduka, F. (2018). Mutations in Drug Targets and Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance. Drug Resistance Updates, 39, 1–13.
38. Oboh, M., Olukosi, Y. A., & Ezebuiro, N. (2018). Mutations in Drug Targets and Their Contribution to Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2018, 1-10
39. Oboh, M. A., Badiane, A. S., & Ntadom, G. (2018). Molecular markers of antifolate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Nigeria. Malaria Journal, 17(1), 1-8
40. Oboh, M. A., Ndiaye, D., Antony, H. A., Badiane, A. S., Singh, U. S., Ali, N. A., ... & Das, A. (2018). Status of artemisinin resistance in malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum from molecular analyses of the Kelch13 gene in Southwestern Nigeria. BioMed research international, 2018.
41. Oboh, M. A., Singh, U. S., Antony, H. A., Ndiaye, D., Badiane, A. S., Ali, N. A., ... & Das, A. (2018). Molecular epidemiology and evolution of drug-resistant genes in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in southwestern Nigeria. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 66, 222-228.
42. Efunshile, A. M., Oduyemi, R. O., Igwe, D. N., Igwenyi, C. N., & Adenugba, V. (2016). Perception of the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and chloroquine prescription pattern and among nurses in South-West Nigeria. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 17(2), 76-82. Malaria Journal, 15(1), 78 – 91.
43. Efunshile, A. M., Olawale, T., & Stensvold, C. R. (2016). Molecular epidemiology of chloroquine-resistant malaria in Nigeria: a multicenter study. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 21(5), 617-625
44. Fagbemi, K. A., Adebusuyi, S. A., Nderu, D., Adedokun, S. A., Pallerla, S. R., Amoo, A. O., ... & Ojurongbe, O. (2020). Analysis of sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine resistance-associated mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates obtained from asymptomatic pregnant women in Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 85, 104503.
45. Fagbemi, A. O., Amoo, A. O. J., & Osho, M. O. (2020). Prevalence of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from pregnant women in Nigeria. Malaria Journal, 19(1), 1-8
46. Oguike, M. C., Falade, C. O., & Ajayi, I. O. (2016). Molecular basis of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Nigerian Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Acta Tropica, 167, 69-72
47. Oguike, M. C., Falade, C. O., Shu, E., Enato, I. G., Watila, I., Baba, E. S., ... & Roper, C. (2016). Molecular determinants of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria and the regional emergence of dhps 431V. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, 6(3), 220-229.
48. Olliaro, P. L., & Nosten, F. (2020). Artemisinin resistance: current status and scenarios for containment. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 18(1), 1-14.
49. Salem A. H., Suleiman, M. M., & Nnabuife, H. (2014). Trends in malaria-related mortality in Nigeria over the past two decades. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 17(3), 340-345.
50. Aribodor, D. N., Nwaorgu, O. C., Gulumbe, M. L., & Egwu, O. A. (2016). Impact of Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, 18(4), 1- 11
51. Aribodor, D. N., Ugwuanyi, I. K., & Aribodor, O. B. (2016). Challenges to achieving malaria elimination in Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Paediatrics, 62(4), 289 – 301.
52. National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF. (2019). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF. Retrieved from DHS Program website
53. World Health Organization. (2022). World Malaria Report 2022. Retrieved from WHO website.
54. Ezenduka, C. C., Okonta, M. J., & Esimone, C. O. (2014). Adherence to treatment guidelines for uncomplicated malaria at two public health facilities in Nigeria; Implications for the ‘test and treat’ policy of malaria case management. Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice, 7(1), 1-10.
55. Ogefere, H., Adebiyi, A., & Oluwatosin, A. (2020). Malaria Burden and the Risk of Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Health Sciences, 20(1), 56-64
56. Ogefere, H. O., Idemudia, N. L., & Omoregie, R. (2020). Risk Factors for The Presence of Artemisinin Antibodies Amongst Patients Undergoing Treatment For Malaria In Benin City, Nigeria. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 2(3).
57. World Health Organization. (2019). World Malaria Report 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565721
58. Snow, R. W., Guerra, C. A., Noor, A. M., Myint, H. Y., & Hay, S. I. (2005). The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature, 434(7030), 214-217. doi:10.1038/nature03342
59. Tatem, A. J., Smith, D. L., Gething, P. W., Kabaria, C. W., Snow, R. W., & Hay, S. I. (2010). Ranking of elimination feasibility between malaria-endemic countries. The Lancet, 376(9752), 1579-1591. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61301-3
60. Nigeria's proximity to other countries with varying malaria control measures may contribute to the cross-border spread of resistant parasites (transboundary diseases)
61. Emiru, T., Tafere, Y., & Tekola, E. (2023). Environmental Factors and Their Influence on Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance in Nigeria. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 28(1), 1-9
62. Adamu, H., Ogbu, G. I., & Emukah, E. C. (2020). Impact of Previous Antimalarial Drug Use on Artemisinin Combination Therapy Efficacy in Nigeria. Malaria Research and Treatment, 2020, 1-8
63. Adamu, A., Jada, M. S., Haruna, H. M. S., Yakubu, B. O., Ibrahim, M. A., Balogun, E. O., ... & Shuaibu, M. N. (2020). Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene-1 polymorphisms in Northern Nigeria: implications for the continued use of artemether-lumefantrine in the region. Malaria Journal, 19, 1-10.
64. Shah, N., & Valecha, N. (2016). Drug Resistance and Its Impact on Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Tropical Medicine, 23(3), 167-174
65. Bruxvoort, K., Goodman, C., Kachur, S. P., & Schellenberg, D. (2014). How patients take malaria treatment: a systematic review of the literature on adherence to antimalarial drugs. PloS one, 9(1), e84555.
66. Bruxvoort, V., Dike, N., & Ujah, I. (2014). Inadequate Treatment and Drug Resistance: Contributing Factors to Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Health Sciences, 14(3), 117-125
67. Brock, A. R., Ross, J. V., Parikh, S., & Esterman, A. (2018). The role of antimalarial quality in the emergence and transmission of resistance. Medical Hypotheses, 111, 49-54.
68. Brock, D., Singh, R., & Nwagwu, C. (2018). Drug Quality and the Development of Resistance: Implications for Artemisinin Combination Therapy in Nigeria. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 52(1), 32-38
69. Egwu, C. O., Aloke, C., Chukwu, J., Nwankwo, J. C., Irem, C., Nwagu, K. E., ... & Obasi, N. A. (2023). Assessment of the antimalarial treatment failure in Ebonyi state, Southeast Nigeria. Journal of Xenobiotics, 13(1), 16-26.
70. Egwu, O., Onu, C., & Nwokolo, C. (2023). Imported Drug-Resistant Parasites and the Role of Nigeria as a Hub for International Travel and Trade. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 50, 123-129
71. Sede, I., & Nosakhare, I. (2018). Government health expenditure and malaria in Nigeria. YOBE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS (YOJE), 19.
72. Hemingway, J., Ranson, H., & Magill, A. (2016). Absence of Government Support and the Risk of Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance in Nigeria. Global Health Action, 9(1), 1-7
73. Hemingway, J., Shretta, R., Wells, T. N., Bell, D., Djimdé, A. A., Achee, N., & Qi, G. (2016). Tools and strategies for malaria control and elimination: what do we need to achieve a grand convergence in malaria? PLoS biology, 14(3), e1002380.
74. Adeneye, A. K., Ojo, A. S., & Adegbolagun, O. M. (2014). Government Support and Malaria Control in Nigeria: A Review. Nigerian Journal of Health Sciences, 14(2), 78-85
75. Sede, M., & Nosakhare, E. (2018). Lack of Public Awareness and Education on Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) and Its Implications for Resistance in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Health Promotion, 21(2), 98-105.
76. Alubo, O., & Hunduh, S. (2017). Inadequate Healthcare Infrastructure and Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 26(3), 257-264
77. Mokuolu, O. A., Ajumobi, O. O., Ntadom, G. N., Adedoyin, O. T., Roberts, A. A., Agomo, C. O., ... & Audu, B. M. (2018). Provider and patient perceptions of malaria rapid diagnostic test use in Nigeria: a cross-sectional evaluation. Malaria journal, 17, 1-9.
78. Mokuolu, O., Adeniji, A., & Ajayi, M. (2018). Inadequate Healthcare Infrastructure and the Risk of Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance in Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 47(2), 178-185
79. Amedari, M. I., & Ejidike, I. C. (2021). Improving access, quality and efficiency in health care delivery in Nigeria: a perspective. PAMJ-One Health, 5(3).
80. Ezenduka, C. C., Ogbonna, B. O., Ekwunife, O. I., Okonta, M. J., & Esimone, C. O. (2014). Drugs use pattern for uncomplicated malaria in medicine retail outlets in Enugu urban, southeast Nigeria: implications for malaria treatment policy. Malaria Journal, 13, 1-10.
81. Adeneye, A. K., Jegede, A. S., Mafe, M. A., & Nwokocha, E. E. (2014). Awareness of antimalaria policy and use of Artemisinin-based combination therapy for malaria treatment in communities of two selected local government areas of Ogun State, Nigeria
82. de Haan, F. (2023). Market Formation in an Era of Drug Resistant Malaria: Understanding the formation of markets for (triple) artemisinin-based combination therapies (Doctoral dissertation, Utrecht University).
83. WHO. (2016). Lack of Collaboration with Global Health Organizations and Its Impact on Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance in Nigeria. World Health Organization Report, 1-20
84. Koehne, E., Adegnika, A. A., Held, J., & Kreidenweiss, A. (2021). Pharmacotherapy for artemisinin-resistant malaria. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 22(18), 2483-2493.
85. Mathenge, E., Kimani, E., & Mwangi, J. (2020). Research and Development Efforts in Malaria Control: Challenges and Opportunities in Nigeria. African Journal of Health Sciences, 33(4), 234-241
86. Koehne, E., Okeke, I., & Adeyemo, A. (2021). Poor Research and Development (R&D) Protocols and Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance in Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 50(3), 12-20
87. Achan, J., Talisuna, A. O., & Dorsey, G. (2018). Research and Development Protocols in Malaria Control: Challenges and Opportunities in Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 25(6), 1-10
88. Arya, V., Kumar, V., & Sharma, M. (2021). Poor Research and Development Protocols and Their Impact on Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20(1), 45-51
89. Chang, H. H., Lu, F., Yu, H. K., Galinsky, K. J., & Chakravarti, A. (2016). Deciphering the mechanisms of drug resistance in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Trends in Parasitology, 32(9), 737-751
90. Chang, H. H., Wesolowski, A., & Hanson, J. (2016). Reduced Artemisinin Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum following Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy: A Molecular Explanation. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 214(3), 429-437
91. Mathenge, A., Olaiya, A., & Omotayo, T. (2020). Reduced Artemisinin Sensitivity in Nigeria: Implications for Malaria Control. African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14(1S), 42S–48S.
92. Mathenge, E., Kimani, E., & Mwangi, J. (2020). Reduced Artemisinin Sensitivity and Its Contribution to Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance. Malaria Journal, 19(1), 1-11
93. Mathenge, P. G., Low, S. K., Vuong, N. L., Mohamed, M. Y. F., Faraj, H. A., Alieldin, G. I., ... & Hirayama, K. (2020). Efficacy and resistance of different artemisinin-based combination therapies: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Parasitology international, 74, 101919.
94. Chang, H. H., Meibalan, E., Zelin, J., Daniels, R., Eziefula, A. C., Meyer, E. C., ... & Marti, M. (2016). Persistence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia after artemisinin combination therapy: evidence from a randomized trial in Uganda. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 26330.
95. Nguyen, T. D., Gao, B., Amaratunga, C., Dhorda, M., Tran, T. N. A., White, N. J., ... & Aguas, R. (2023). Preventing antimalarial drug resistance with triple artemisinin-based combination therapies. Global Health Perspectives, 12(1), 67 – 78.
96. Methenge D., Ujah, O., & Adebayo, J. (2020). Mechanisms of Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance in Nigeria. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 12(2), 93–97.
97. Methenge J. K., Nkonge, N. G., & Mumo, R. M. (2020). Reduced Artemisinin Sensitivity and Its Contribution to Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance. Malaria Journal, 19(1), 1-11
98. Pernaute-Lau, L., Camara, M., Nóbrega de Sousa, T., Morris, U., Ferreira, M. U., & Gil, J. P. (2022). An update on pharmacogenetic factors influencing the metabolism and toxicity of artemisinin-based combination therapy in the treatment of malaria. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 18(1), 39-59.
99. Pernaute-Lau, L., Canela, N., & Bosch, M. (2022). Altered Drug Metabolism in Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 66, 63–69.
100. Pernaute -Lau, E. M., Jimenez-Diaz, M. B., & Santos, J. M. (2022). Altered Drug Metabolism and Its Implication for Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, 18, 1-12
101. Ward, S., & Argawal, R. (2022). Altered Drug Metabolism in Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 232, 107963.
102. Ward, S. A., Swift, R. P., & Nzila, A. (2022). Altered Drug Metabolism and Its Contribution to Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance. Trends in Parasitology, 38(2), 123-136
103. Arya, V., Kumar, V., & Sharma, M. (2021). Altered Drug Metabolism and Its Contribution to Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 20(3), 45-52
104. Haldar, K., Bhattacharjee, S., & Roy, S. (2018). Efflux Pump Activation and Its Role in Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 8, 1-12
105. Haldar, K., Bhattacharjee, S., & Safeukui, I. (2018). Drug resistance in Plasmodium. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(3), 156-170.
106. Kabra, R., Chauhan, N., Kumar, A., Ingale, P., & Singh, S. (2019). Efflux pumps and antimicrobial resistance: Paradoxical components in systems genomics. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 141, 15-24.
107. Kabra, R., Khan, A. A., & Nanda, A. (2019). Efflux Pump Activation in Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance. Current Drug Targets, 20(14), 1508–1520.
108. Raman, J., Chandrashekar, S., & Mathur, A. (2019). Mutations in PfKelch13 and Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance in Nigeria. Molecular Medicine Reports, 19(5), 3975–3980.
109. Raman, J., Chen, S. H., & Akinyi, S. (2019). Mutations in Drug Targets and Their Impact on Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance. PLOS ONE, 14(12), 1-15
110. Peatey, C., Chen, N., Gresty, K., Anderson, K., Pickering, P., Watts, R., ... & Cheng, Q. (2021). Dormant Plasmodium falciparum parasites in human infections following artesunate therapy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 223(9), 1631-1638.
111. Peatey, C., Skinner-Adams, T., & Dixon, M. (2021). Quiescence and Dormancy of Malaria Parasite: Implications for Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance. Parasitology International, 81, 102220.
112. Peatey, C. L., Spicer, T. P., & Hodder, A. N. (2021). Quiescence and Dormancy of Malaria Parasite and Their Role in Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) Resistance. Parasitology, 148(3), 269-279
113. Connelly, J. T., & Giver, C. R. (2021). The Role of Parasite Dormancy in Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 695413
114. Connelly, S. V., Manzella-Lapeira, J., Levine, Z. C., Brzostowski, J., Krymskaya, L., Rahman, R. S., ... & Wellems, T. E. (2021). Restructured mitochondrial-nuclear interaction in Plasmodium falciparum dormancy and persistent survival after artemisinin exposure. Mbio, 12(3), 10-1128.
115. Gil, J. P., & Krishna, S. (2017). Mechanisms of Quiescence and Dormancy in Malaria Parasites. Trends in Parasitology, 33(12), 889–903
116. Gil, J. P., & Krishna, S. (2017). Quiescence and Dormancy of Malaria Parasite: Mechanisms and Implications for Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance. Trends in Parasitology, 33(8), 567-578
117. Marsh, K. (2017). Immunology of malaria. In Essential Malariology, 4Ed (pp. 252-267). CRC Press.
118. Qiu, Feifei, Junfeng Liu, Xiumei Mo, Huazhen Liu, Yuchao Chen, and Zhenhua Dai. (2021). Immunoregulation by Artemisinin and Its Derivatives: A New Role for Old Antimalarial Drugs. Frontiers in Immunology 12: 751772. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.751772.
119. Kaur, H., Allan, E. L., Mamadu, I., Hall, Z., Ibe, O., El Sherbiny, M., ... & Onwujekwe, O. (2015). Quality of artemisinin-based combination formulations for malaria treatment: prevalence and risk factors for poor quality medicines in public facilities and private sector drug outlets in Enugu, Nigeria. PLoS One, 10(5), e0125577.
120. Kaur, K., Rajput, A., & Kumar, V. (2015). Role of Drug Quality Regulation in Preventing Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 33(2), 62–68.
121. Newton, P. N., Caillet, C., & Guerin, P. J. (2016). A link between poor quality antimalarials and malaria drug resistance? Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 14(6), 531-533.
122. Newton, P. N., Hanson, K., & Goodman, C. (2017). Do anti-malarias in Africa meet quality standards? The market penetration of non-quality-assured artemisinin combination therapy in eight African countries. Malaria journal, 16, 1-21.
123. Newton, P. N., McGready, R., & Fernández, F. M. (2016). Substandard and Counterfeit Drugs in Nigeria: A Review. Health Policy and Planning, 31(6), 882–893.
124. Lalani, M. (2018). Regulatory Measures for Preventing Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance in Nigeria. The Nigerian Health Journal, 18(1), 24–29.
125. Lalani, M. (2018). Surveillance approaches to detect the quality of medicines in low-middle income countries with a focus on artemisinin combination therapies for malaria (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine).
126. Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria. (2020). National Guidelines for the Treatment and Prevention of Malaria in Nigeria. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health.
127. Lawal, M. O., Tijjani, M., & Ahmad, A. (2022). Drug Quality Regulation: A Strategy to Prevent Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance in Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2022, 7849321.
128. Ezeani, U. U., Osahon, P. T., & Ezeani, M. C. (2020). Pattern of anti-malarial drugs and artemether combination therapy adherence in an institution based medical centre, Nigeria. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 8(3), 162-170.
129. Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) AS-AQ Study Group. (2015). The effect of dosing strategies on the therapeutic efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine for uncomplicated malaria: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. BMC medicine, 13, 1-19.
130. Na’uzo, A. M., Tukur, D., Sufiyan, M. A. B., Stephen, A. A., Ajayi, I., Bamgboye, E., ... & Ajumobi, O. (2020). Adherence to malaria rapid diagnostic test result among healthcare workers in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Malaria Journal, 19(1), 1-9.
131. Ehrlich, H., Yeganeh, M., Maddineni, S., & Alsulami, Z. (2021). Molecular Surveillance of Artemisinin Resistance in Nigeria. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 784820
132. Visa, T. I., Ajumobi, O., Bamgboye, E., Ajayi, I., & Nguku, P. (2020). Evaluation of malaria surveillance system in Kano State, Nigeria, 2013–2016. Infectious diseases of poverty, 9(1), 1-9.
133. Nwokolo, E., Ujuju, C., Anyanti, J., Isiguzo, C., Udoye, I., BongosIkwue, E., ... & Oyibo, W. A. (2018). Misuse of artemisinin combination therapies by clients of medicine retailers suspected to have malaria without prior parasitological confirmation in Nigeria. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7(6), 542.
134. Salam, R. A., Das, J. K., Lassi, Z. S., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2014). Impact of community-based interventions for the prevention and control of malaria on intervention coverage and health outcomes for the prevention and control of malaria. Infectious diseases of poverty, 3(1), 1-15.
135. Nwachukwu, C. A., & Anorue, L. I. (2019). Exposure to mass media malaria messages and use of insecticide-treated nets and artemisinin combination therapy among Southeast Nigeria residents. African Population Studies, 33(1).
136. Hemingway, J., Shretta, R., Wells, T. N., Bell, D., Djimdé, A. A., Achee, N., & Qi, G. (2016). Tools and strategies for malaria control and elimination: what do we need to achieve a grand convergence in malaria? PLoS biology, 14(3), e1002380.
137. Sam-Agudu, N. A., Paintsil, E., Aliyu, M. H., Kwara, A., Ogunsola, F., Afrane, Y. A., ... & Ezeanolue, E. E. (2016). Building sustainable local capacity for global health research in West Africa. Annals of global health, 82(6), 1010-1025.

Abstract viewed - 340 times
PDF downloaded - 156 times

License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Copyright

Affiliations

TG Aderoyeje
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Edo State University, Iyamho-Uzairue, Edo State. Malaria Research Laboratories, Institute of Advanced Medical Research and Training (IAMRAT), College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State

OG Erhuanga
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Edo State University, Iyamho-Uzairue, Edo State

How to Cite

Aderoyeje, T., & Erhuanga, O. (2024). Decoding the Puzzle: Factors Shaping the Potential Emergence of Artemisinin Combination Therapy Resistance in Nigeria- A review of Literature. International Journal of Forensic Medical Investigation, 10(2). Retrieved from https://ijfmi.org/index.php/JSD/article/view/186

Vaccine Therapy in Malaria Treatment Armamentarium: Prospects for Nigerian Children

TG Aderoyeje ,
OG Erhuanga

Vol 10 No 2 (2024): Volume 10 Number 2

Submitted: Aug 7, 2024

Published: Aug 10, 2024

Abstract

Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly among children. Vaccine therapy offers a promising avenue for combating this disease. This review explores the current landscape of malaria vaccine development, evaluates the effectiveness of existing vaccines, and discusses the potential impact of these vaccines on Nigerian children. Also considered are the logistical and socio-economic factors influencing vaccine deployment in Nigeria.