2. Vijay P, Sharma S, Chandra S, Pardhe N, Singh P,Srivastava Y.A study on evaluation of various tongue patterns in North Indian population and a working classification system for these tongue print patterns. Int Healthc Res J. 2019;3(2):9-76.
3. Srichinthu KK, Prasad H, Rajmohan M, Prema P, TusmithaG, Anjum SS. Evaluation of various tongue patterns in Namakkaldistrict-role in forensic dentistry. JPierre Fauchard Acad (India Sect).2020;34(2):51–57.
4. PanchbhaiA,Parida, R. Evaluation of human tongue morphology and tongue groove patterns to explore its potential as a forensic aid. AnnRomSocCell Biol.2021;25(4):7164- 7172.Availablefrom: https://analsofrscb.ro/ index.php/journal/article/view/3331.
5. Nakao Y, Yamsahita T, Honda K, Katsuura T, Hama Y, NakamuraY, et al. Association among age-related tongue muscle abnormality, tongue pressure, and presbyphagia: A 3D MRI Study. Dysphagia. 2021; 36(3): 483-491. https://doi.org/10. 1007 /s00455020-10165-4.
6. Rotywv.Tongue-anatomy &physiology. WikiVet.2022. Available from:https://www. thewebinarvet.com/ gastro enterology -and- nutrition/ webinars /feed.
7. Ekstrom AG,Edlund J.Evolution of the humantongue and emergence of speech biomechanics. Front in Psychol. 2023;141150778https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg. 2023. 11507 78.
8. Koren N, Shust-Barequest S, Weissbach T, Raviv O, Abu SS, Abraham E, et al. Fetal micro and macroglossia: defining normal fetal tongue size. JUltrasound Med. 2023;42(1):59-70. https://doi.org/1 0.1002/
jump. 15983.
9. Chaulagain R, Baral S, Kandel S, Agrawal A,Gautam A. Variations in shape of tongue among students attending Chitwan Medical College. Nepal Med J. 2023;5(2):39–43. https://doi.org/10.37080/nmj.143.
10. GargK, Sachdev R, Shwetam A, Saxena S, Mehrotra V,SrivastavaA.Evaluation of morphological characteristics and varieties of tongue prints for personal identification in Kanpur communities: an impression-based analysis.Saint's Int Dent J2020;4(1):54-
59.https://doi.org/10. 4103 /sidj.sidj-19-20.
11. Madhusudan A, Shipra S, Ashutosh A, Aditi
M. Lingual morphology: asecure method for forensic identification. J Forensic Sci Crim Investig. 2018; 9(2): 555 75 9.
https://dx.doi.org/10.19080/jfsci.09.555759.
12. Jain P,Rathee, M.Embryology, tongue. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island, (FL): A Stats Pearls Publishing LLC; 2019.
13. Shivhare P, Shankarnarayan L, Basavaraju SM, Gupta A, Vasan V, JambunathU.Inter- canine width as a tool in two-dimensional reconstruction of face:an aid in forensic dentistry. JForensic Dent Sci. 2015;7(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1475.150290.
14. Bano AM, & Babu KY.Comparison of inter- canine and inter-molar width of the maxilla as an aid gender determination: a preliminary study. Drug Invention Today
.2018; 10(3): 3149-3152. https://doi.org1/
10.0975-7619.
- Abstract viewed - 17 times
- PDF downloaded - 5 times
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright
© JN Paul, CA Adibe, PN Ogbonda, IF Cookey-Gam, WB Vidonna, I Bruce, 2025
Affiliations
JN Paul
Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, NkporluOroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
CA Adibe
Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, NkporluOroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
PN Ogbonda
Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, NkporluOroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
IF Cookey-Gam
Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, NkporluOroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
WB Vidonna
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Edo State University, Edo State, Nigeria
I Bruce
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, NkporluOroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
How to Cite
Descriptive Study of Tongue Patterns, Intermolar and IntercanineTongue widthamong Rivers State Students in Rivers State University
- JN Paul ,
- CA Adibe ,
- PN Ogbonda ,
- IF Cookey-Gam ,
- WB Vidonna ,
- I Bruce
Vol 11 No 1 (2025): International Journal of Forensic Medical Investigation
Submitted: Jun 19, 2025
Published: Apr 11, 2025
Abstract
The human tongue is a muscular, vital organ encased within the oral cavity that performs multiple actions. It is the least understood structures of the body and its complex anatomy is one of the reasons for the relative lack of research on it. Research on the tongue helps to enlighten individuals on the evaluation of tongue patterns (tongue shape and tongue size) but among Rivers State Students in Rivers State University. For this purpose, a camera was used for taking pictures of the tongue to identify the shape and a software (Adobe Photoshop Software) used for measurement of the tongue to know the size (inter-canine width and inter-molar width), questionnaires for participant’s data and consent form which was also administered. Statistical analysis using independent t-test, chi-square, and descriptive statistics tool was carried out with the aid of SPSS version 28. Results showed that the predominant tongue shape among Rivers State Students in Rivers State University is the triangular tongue shape with a proportion of 24.5% while the irregular tongue shape (0.4%) is the least of all tongue shape. The mean inter-canine and inter- molar width were 142.35±1.97mm 151.99±2.04mm respectively. The result of the study showed that inter-canine tongue width showed a significant difference between college and non-college participants with non-college having a higher mean value (149.3±2.36mm) P = 0.001 at 95% Confidence Interval and the most prevalent tongue shape was triangular while the least tongue shape is irregular.