Abstract

The current review examines the pivotal role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of gynaecological cancers, with emphasis on ovarian cancer. It explores how biomarkers such as CA125 and HE4 are used to predict disease onset, detect subclinical illness, and assess treatment responses, especially in the context of ovarian cancer recurrence. The review also addresses the challenges inherent in early detection and management of gynaecological cancers, highlighting the asymptomatic nature and high mortality rate associated with ovarian cancer. It underscores the potential of biomarkers to significantly enhance early detection and treatment strategies, thereby improving patient outcomes. Additionally, this review discusses the relevance of biomarkers across various gynaecological cancers, including cervical, endometrial, and vulvar malignancies, outlining associated risk factors and treatment options. Finally, the review emphasizes the need for further research to validate and integrate effective biomarkers into clinical practice, with the aim of advancing the management of gynaecological cancers