2. American Diabetes Association. "Diabetes Care". Diabetes Care. 2006; 29 (1): 51–58. Standards of Medical Care-Table 6 and Table 7, Correlation between A1C level and Mean Plasma Glucose Levels on Multiple Testing over 2–3 months.
3. Brownlee M, Lilly lecture. “Glycation and diabetic complication. Diabetes. 1994; 43(6): 36-41
4. Le Roith D, Olefsky J.M. “Diabetes Mellitus: a fundamental and Clinical Test. 3rd edition, Lippincott William & Willkins. 2004.
5. Allgrove J, Davison G, Gleeson M. “Salivary antimicrobial peptides (LL-37 and alpha defensins HNP1–3), antimicrobial and IgA responses to prolonged exercise. Europian Journal of Applied Physiolology. 2009; 106: 277–284.
6. Al Hamad A, Iodi G, porter S, Fedele S and Mercadante V. ‘’Intervention for dry mouth and hyposalivation in sjogren’s syndrome: A Systemic renew and analysis. Oral Diseases. 2019; 25(4): 1027-1047.
7. Negrato and Tarzia. ‘’Buccal alterations in diabetes mellitus, Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome. 2010; 2(3): 1-11.
8. Nauntofte B., Tenovuo J. O and Lagerlof F. ‘’Secretion and composition of saliva. In: Dental Caries, the Disease and its Clinical Management (2000). pp. 7-27. Fejerskov O, Kidd EAM, Eds. Oxford: Blackwell, Munksgaard. 2003.
9. Out, D., Hall, R.J., Granger, D.A., Page, G.G., & Woods, S.J. ‘’Assessing salivary C-reactive protein: Longitudinal associations with systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk in women exposed to intimate partner violence. Brain Behav Immun. 2012; 26(4): 543-51.
10. Paavilainen L, Wernérus H, Nilsson P, Uhlén M, Hober S. ‘’Evaluation of monospecific antibodies: a comparison study with commercial analogs using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. Applied Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Morphology. 2008; 16: 493-502.
11. Karthecki B, Abhishek S.N, Ravikiran A, Samatha Y, Pavani PK, Pranusha D. ‘’Serum and Salivary glucose levels in diabetes mellitus: A review.The Nigerian Journal of General Practice. 2017; 15(2): 17-21.
12. Aydin S. ‘’A comparison of ghrelin, glucose, alpha-amylase and protein levels in saliva from diabetics. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2007; 40(1): 29-35
13. Amer S, Yousuf M, Siddqiui PO and Alam J. ‘’Salivary glucose concentration in patients with diabetes mellitus – a minimally invasive technique for monitoring blood glucose levels. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2001; 14(1): 33-37
14. Panda A, Venkatapathy R and Nirima. ‘’Glucose estimation in the salivary secretion of diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes metabolic syndrome and obesity: Target and Therapy. 2012; 5: 149-154
15. Agrawal R. P, Sharma N., Rathore M. S., Gupta V. B., Jain S. and Agarwal V. ‘’Noninvasive Method for Glucose Level Estimation by Saliva. Journal of. Diabetes Metabolism. 2013; 4:266.
16. Nagalaxmi V. and Priyanka V.’’Can saliva be a marker for predicting type 1 diabetes mellitus? A pilot study. Journal of Indian Acad Oral Medical Radiology. 2011; 23:579-582.
17. Lopez M. E, Colloca M. E, Páez R. G, Schallmach J. N, Koss M. A. and Chervonagura A. ‘’Salivary characteristics of diabetic children. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2003; 14:26-31.
18. Pal P, Desai NT, Kannan N, Masur VN, Daniel MJ, Bhatt N. ‘’Estimation of salivary glucose, salivary amylase, salivary total protein and periodontal microflora in diabetes mellitus. Journal of Indian Dental Association. 2003; 74,143-149.
19. Arati S. P, Shirish S. D, Rahul R. B. ‘’Estimation of salivary glucose, salivary amylase, salivary total protein and salivary flow rate in diabetics in India. Journal of Oral Science. 2010; 52(3):359-368.
20. Kipps AE and Whitehead PH. ‘’A method for quantitating amylase and its use in the investigation of various body fluids. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1974; 11:219
21. Nader R, Russell P, Tracy and Paul MR.’’Clinical Efficacy of an automated high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein assay. Clinical Chemistry. 1999; 45(12): 2136-2141
22. Kulpmann, W.’’Determination of electrolytes in serum and plasma. Wien Klin Wochenschr Supplement. 1992; 192(1): 37-41.
23. Pauss, A, Roza, A. and Naveau, H.’’Bicarbonate determination in acid-base solutions by back titration method. Environmental Technology. 1990; 11(5): 469-476.
24. Tietz, N. W.’’Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, 3rd Edition, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 1987.
25. Liamis G, Millionis H J, Elisaf M.’’Hyponatremia in patients with infectious disease Journal infection. 2011; 63:327-335.
26. Nagalaxmi V. and Priyanka V.’’Can saliva be a marker for predicting type 1 diabetes mellitus? A pilot study. Journal of Indian Acad Oral Medical Radiology. 2011; 23:579-82.
27. Antonio DM, Duorte M, Sara R, Helen F, Carolina S, Maria FM and Jaipaul et al. ‘’Effects of diabetes mellitus on salivary secretion and its composition in the human. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 2004; 20:25:1-6
28. Liamis G, Millionis H J, Elisaf M. ‘’Hyponatremia in patients with infectious disease Journal infection. 2011; 63:327-335.
29. Ayadin .S., Halifeoglu.I., Ozercan. I.H., Erman, F.,Kilic .N., Aydin. S. et al. ‘’A Comparison of leptin and ghrelin levels in plasma and saliva of young healthy subjects. Peptides. 2005; 26:647-652.
30. Piras MH, Mednieks MI and Riludu M. ‘’Amylase and Cyclic AMP receptors protein expression in human diabetic parotid gland. Journal of Oral Pathological Medicine. 2010; 39(9):715-721.
31. Panda A, Venkatapathy P, Oza N.’’Glucose estimation in salivary secretion of diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus syndrome and obesity, Targets and Therapy. 2012; 5:149-154.
32. Vasconcelos AC, Soares MS, Almeida PC. and Soares TC. ‘’Comparative study of the concentration of salivary and blood glucose in Type 2 diabetic patients. Journal of Oral Sciences. 2010; 52:293‑298.
33. Ravindran R., Gopinathan D. M and Sukumaran S. ‘’Estimation of salivary glucose and glycogen content in exfoliated buccal mucosal cells of patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Journal of. Clinical Diagnostic Reseatch. 2015; 9:89-93.
- Abstract viewed - 1434 times
- PDF downloaded - 980 times
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright
© ANTHONY EMEKA OJIEH, Wilson Iju, Ovaukporaye Simon Irikefe, Nwogueze Chukuwuebuka Bartholomew, Ogagayere Lucky, 2020
Affiliations
Anthony Emeka Ojieh
Dr
Wilson Iju
Affiliation not stated
Agbonifo Chijiokwu Ejime
Affiliation not stated
Nwogueze Chukuwuebuka Bartholomew
Affiliation not stated
Ogagayere Lucky
Affiliation not stated
How to Cite
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Anthony Emeka Ojieh, Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antioxidant potential of Nephrolepis unduranta leaves extract in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats. , International Journal of Forensic Medical Investigation: Vol 5 No 1 (2019): Volume 5 Number 1
Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antioxidant potential of Nephrolepis unduranta leaves extract in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats.
Randomised Experimental study
Vol 5 No 1 (2019): Volume 5 Number 1
Submitted: Jan 24, 2020
Published: Feb 22, 2020
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease associated with severe derangement of carbohydrates, protein and lipids metabolism. The growing global incidence of diabetes mellitus in adults as well as young people continues to challenge the health sector, especially the Type-2 DM. Management of DM via the orthodox means continues to struggle globally due to increasing human population, poverty and gene modifications from inter-racial marriages. In local settings, plants with purported antidiabetic characteristics have been employed over time in managing DM. And is on this basis that this research was carried out to investigate the plant; Nephrolepis undulate. Fresh leaves of Nephrolepis undulate (NU) collected washed, air-dried and grounded and soaked in methanol for 48 hours. The mixture was filtered and the extract gotten was subjected to liquid-liquid fractionation using (Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, and n-hexane), allowed and used for the treatment at a dose of 250mg/kgbw. Metformin was administered at 50mg/kgbw. DM was induced with STZ at a dose of 60mg/kgbw. At the end of the treatment period (21 days), the rats were sacrificed and blood and tissue samples collected. All analysis was conducted using documented standard methods. Research findings showed a significant reduction in serum glucose concentration following treatment with NU, a decrease in the elevated level of MDA and an increase in the depressed levels of SOD and Catalase. The conclusion is that NU possesses both anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties. The mechanism of action could be its inhibitory effect on glucose hydrolyzing enzymes and its ability to facilitate cellular detoxification.